Skip header and navigation

Revise Search

20 records – page 1 of 1.

Strathcona Block, Brandon, Manitoba

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions8410
Part Of
Joseph H. Hughes collection
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
c.1950
Accession Number
3-1997
Part Of
Joseph H. Hughes collection
Creator
Photographer: R.M. Coleman
Description Level
Item
Series Number
3-1997.1
Item Number
3-1997.1.32
Accession Number
3-1997
GMD
graphic
Date Range
c.1950
Physical Description
5" x 7" (b/w)
Physical Condition
good
Scope and Content
Photograph shows the Strathcona Block on the west side of 10th Street in the 100-block. Simpsons-Sears and Lionel Electric are the ground floor shops.
Name Access
Strathcona Block
Simpsons-Sears Ltd.
Lionel Electric
Subject Access
downtowns
street scenes
Brandon business buildings & facilities after 1940
building exteriors
Storage Location
RG 5 photograph storage drawer
Images
Show Less

Murdock Bros. Store

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions9474
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
[19-?]
Accession Number
1-2002
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
Series Number
3.1
Item Number
1-2002.3.1E2
Accession Number
1-2002
GMD
graphic
Date Range
[19-?]
Physical Description
3 1/2" x 5"
Material Details
Negative
Custodial History
For custodial history see the collection level description of the Lawrence Stuckey collection.
Scope and Content
Murdock Bros. store interior
Notes
[Located at 886 Rosser Avenue; This negative was created using a pre-existing published image. The caption on the published image reads "Murdock Bros. Wholesale and Retail Furniture and Crockery Emporium". (P.E. 17/06/09)]
Name Access
Murdock Bros. Store
Subject Access
businesses
merchants
furniture stores
Brandon business buildings & facilities before 1940
Repro Restriction
The McKee Archives is the copyright holder for the Stuckey materials.
Storage Location
Lawrence Stuckey collection
Images
Show Less
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
[18-?]
Accession Number
1-2002
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
Series Number
3.1
Item Number
1-2002.3.1E5
Accession Number
1-2002
GMD
graphic
Date Range
[18-?]
Physical Description
3 1/2" x 5"
Material Details
Negative
Custodial History
For custodial history see the collection level description of the Lawrence Stuckey collection.
Scope and Content
Johnsons Hardware: exterior and interior views
Notes
[This negative was created using a pre-existing published image. (P.E. 17/06/09)]
Name Access
Johnsons Hardware
Subject Access
businesses
merchants
hardware stores
Brandon business buildings & facilities before 1940
Repro Restriction
The McKee Archives is the copyright holder for the Stuckey materials.
Storage Location
Lawrence Stuckey collection
Images
Show Less

Rat Portage Lumber Co.

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions9480
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
[ca. 1914]
Accession Number
1-2002
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
Series Number
3.1
Item Number
1-2002.3.1E8
Accession Number
1-2002
GMD
graphic
Date Range
[ca. 1914]
Physical Description
3 1/2" x 5"
Material Details
Negative
Custodial History
For custodial history see the collection level description of the Lawrence Stuckey collection.
Scope and Content
Rat Portage Lumber Co.
Notes
Located at the northwest corner of 10th St. & Princess Ave.
Photo also shows Alexandra Block - built 1904, Strathcona Block - built 1905, streetcar rails and wires.
Name Access
Rat Portage Lumber Co.
Subject Access
businesses
merchants
hardware stores
Brandon business buildings & facilities before 1940
Repro Restriction
The McKee Archives is the copyright holder for the Stuckey materials.
Storage Location
Lawrence Stuckey collection
Images
Show Less

Strathcona Block, H.Lamontagne & Co.

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions14255
Part Of
Joseph H. Hughes collection
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
1905
Accession Number
3-1997
Part Of
Joseph H. Hughes collection
Creator
Photographer: Frank Gowen, Brandon
Description Level
Item
Series Number
3-1997.1
Item Number
3-1997.1.64
Accession Number
3-1997
Other Numbers
Hughes #64
GMD
graphic
Date Range
1905
Physical Description
7.5" x 9.5" (b/w)
Material Details
on matting
Physical Condition
Mat is water stained, emulsive side is stained
Scope and Content
Photograph shows the recently constructed Strathcona Block. H. Lamontagne & Co. Ltd., Wholesale, occupies the ground floor. Scaffolding is suspended from the north side of the building. Buildings have yet to be erected to the north and south sides of the Strathcona Block.
Notes
Back of photograph is stamped: Hughes & Co. Ltd., 1009 Princess Ave., Brandon, Man.
Name Access
Strathcona Block
H. Lamontange & Co.
Subject Access
Brandon business buildings & facilities before 1940
street scenes
portraits
Storage Location
Hughes oversize drawer
Images
Show Less

Barclay & O'Hara Lumber & Coal

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions9473
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
[188-]
Accession Number
1-2002
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
Series Number
3.1
Item Number
1-2002.3.1E1
Accession Number
1-2002
GMD
graphic
Date Range
[188-]
Physical Description
3 1/2" x 5"
Material Details
Negative
Custodial History
For custodial history see the collection level description of the Lawrence Stuckey collection.
Scope and Content
Barclay & O'Hara Lumber & Coal - office and yard
Notes
[Mr. Stuckey] believes this to be the south side of the 700 block of Pacific Avenue.
To the left is the Western Canada Savings & Loan Co.
To the right, [Mr. Stuckey believes], is the Farmers Home Hotel.
Copy negative courtesy of Brian O'Hara.
Name Access
Private House
Subject Access
businesses
hardware stores
coal
lumber
Brandon business buildings & facilities before 1940
Repro Restriction
The McKee Archives is the copyright holder for the Stuckey materials.
Storage Location
Lawrence Stuckey collection
Images
Show Less

Clement Block & A.E. McKenzie Building

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions9502
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
1912
Accession Number
1-2002
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
Series Number
3.1
Item Number
1-2002.3.1E22
Accession Number
1-2002
GMD
graphic
Date Range
1912
Physical Description
3 1/2" x 5"
Material Details
Negative
History / Biographical
Foreground: Clement Block built 1910.
Background: Original 6 storey McKenzie Bldg before upward extension of 1918.
Custodial History
For custodial history see the collection level description of the Lawrence Stuckey collection.
Scope and Content
Clement Block & A.E. McKenzie Building
Notes
From Winnipeg Saturday Post June 15, 1912.
Name Access
Clement Block & A.E. McKenzie Building
Subject Access
businesses
drug stores
seeds
Brandon business buildings & facilities before 1940
Repro Restriction
The McKee Archives is the copyright holder for the Stuckey materials.
Storage Location
Lawrence Stuckey collection
Images
Show Less

Nation & Shewan Store - Window Display

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions9485
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
1914
Accession Number
1-2002
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
Series Number
3.1
Item Number
1-2002.3.1E12
Accession Number
1-2002
GMD
graphic
Date Range
1914
Physical Description
3 1/2" x 5"
Material Details
Negative
Custodial History
For custodial history see the collection level description of the Lawrence Stuckey collection.
Scope and Content
Nation & Shewan store window display
Notes
Sign in window display advertises spring sale commencing Wednesday, March 25, 1914
Courtesy of George Lepard
Name Access
Nation & Shewan
Subject Access
businesses
dry goods
clothing stores
window displays
Brandon business buildings & facilities before 1940
Repro Restriction
The McKee Archives is the copyright holder for the Stuckey materials.
Storage Location
Lawrence Stuckey collection
Images
Show Less

Strome & Whitelaw (in Braeside Block)

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions9492
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
[ca. 1907]
Accession Number
1-2002
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
Series Number
3.1
Item Number
1-2002.3.1E19
Accession Number
1-2002
GMD
graphic
Date Range
[ca. 1907]
Physical Description
3 1/2" x 5"
Material Details
Negative
Custodial History
For custodial history see the collection level description of the Lawrence Stuckey collection.
Scope and Content
Strome & Whitelaw, located in the Braeside Block
Notes
Located on Rosser Avenue between 13th Street and 14th Street
Feature carpets, tailoring & general merchandise
From Assiniboine Historical Society
Name Access
Strome & Whitelaw
Subject Access
businesses
general stores
dry goods
Brandon business buildings & facilities before 1940
Repro Restriction
The McKee Archives is the copyright holder for the Stuckey materials.
Storage Location
Lawrence Stuckey collection
Images
Show Less

Sunset store (Glenboro) - Rawlings Hardware

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions13289
Part Of
CKX fonds
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
after 1954
Accession Number
11-2010
Part Of
CKX fonds
Creator
CKX
Description Level
Item
Series Number
S
Item Number
11-2010.S7
Accession Number
11-2010
GMD
graphic
Date Range
after 1954
Physical Description
2.5" x 2.5" (b/w)
Material Details
Negative
Custodial History
See fonds level of the CKX records for custodial history.
Scope and Content
Image of the Sunset store building.
Name Access
CKX
Sunset store - Rawlings Hardware
Sigruns Ladies Wear
Subject Access
building exteriors
businesses
hardware stores
signs and signboards
clothing stores
Storage Location
CKX fonds - 2010 accessions
Images
Show Less
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
[ca. 1915]
Accession Number
1-2002
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
Series Number
3.1
Item Number
1-2002.3.1E3
Accession Number
1-2002
GMD
graphic
Date Range
[ca. 1915]
Physical Description
3 1/2" x 5"
Material Details
Negative
History / Biographical
Built 1892
Custodial History
For custodial history see the collection level description of the Lawrence Stuckey collection.
Scope and Content
Syndicate Block
Notes
Located at the SW corner of 7th St. & Rosser Ave (former location of Eaton's store).
Tenants at time of photo: The Merchants Lt., McWhirter & Ball, Vincent & MacPherson. For history of Vincent & MacPherson see Brandon: A City, pp 125-126, by Barker.
Photo from Brandon Sun.
Name Access
Syndicate Block
Subject Access
businesses
merchants
Brandon business buildings & facilities before 1940
Repro Restriction
The McKee Archives is the copyright holder for the Stuckey materials.
Storage Location
Lawrence Stuckey collection
Images
Show Less

West End Millinery & Dry Goods

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions13815
Part Of
Fred McGuinness collection
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
1922
Accession Number
20-2009
Part Of
Fred McGuinness collection
Description Level
Item
Series Number
McG 9
Item Number
20-2009.125
Accession Number
20-2009
GMD
graphic
Date Range
1922
Physical Description
5" x 7" (b/w)
Material Details
reproduction
Physical Condition
Photograph is overexposed
History / Biographical
The West End Millinery & Dry Goods shop appears in the 1914 Henderson's Brandon City Directory. The store was located in the Avenue Block at 1124 Rosser Avenue. Mrs. A. Barker was listed as the proprietor and milliner. By 1917, Mr. A.F. [Arthur Fred] Barker became the proprietor and Mrs. Barker remained the milliner. By 1919, the shop moved to 130-10th Street, across from the Strand Threatre, where it remained until c.1933.
Custodial History
Donated to Fred McGuinness by G. Baldock in 1971
Scope and Content
Photograph shows the store interior of West End Millinery & Dry Goods located on 130-10th Street. Coats are hanging from a rack, clothing is displayed on dress forms as well as on wooden tables that are lined up in the centre of the shop. The store's tin ceiling, light fixtures, and hardwood floors are visible.
Notes
Writing on the back of the photograph reads: Part of West End Millinery & Dry Goods 10th St across from Strand Theatre, 1922
Name Access
West End Millinery & Dry Goods
10th Street
Subject Access
clothing
store interiors
Brandon business buildings & facilities before 1940
milliners
dry goods
Storage Location
RG 5 photograph storage drawer 2 (hanging photos)
Arrangement
From 2009 loose photos
Images
Show Less

West End Millinery & Dry Goods

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions13816
Part Of
Fred McGuinness collection
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
1922
Accession Number
20-2009
Part Of
Fred McGuinness collection
Description Level
Item
Series Number
McG 9
Item Number
20-2009.126
Accession Number
20-2009
GMD
graphic
Date Range
1922
Physical Description
5" x 7" (b/w)
Material Details
reproduction
Physical Condition
Photograph is overexposed
History / Biographical
The West End Millinery & Dry Goods shop appears in the 1914 Henderson's Brandon City Directory. The store was located in the Avenue Block at 1124 Rosser Avenue. Mrs. A. Barker was listed as the proprietor and milliner. By 1917, Mr. A.F. [Arthur Fred] Barker became the proprietor and Mrs. Barker remained the milliner. By 1919, the shop moved to 130-10th Street, across from the Strand Threatre, where it remained until c.1933.
Custodial History
Donated to Fred McGuinness by G. Baldock in 1971
Scope and Content
Photograph shows the store interior of West End Millinery & Dry Goods located on 130-10th Street. A shelving unit lines the wall and is filled with boxes, bolts of cloth, and yarns. Displays can be seen on the top of the shelves as well as on wooden tables that are lined up in the centre of the shop. The store's tin ceiling, light fixtures, panelling, radiators, and hardwood floors are visible.
Notes
Writing on the back of the photograph reads: 1/2 of West End Millinery & Dry Goods, 10th St across from Strand Theatre, 1922
Name Access
West End Millinery & Dry Goods
10th Street
Subject Access
clothing
store interiors
Brandon business buildings & facilities before 1940
milliners
dry goods
Storage Location
RG 5 photograph storage drawer 2 (hanging photos)
Arrangement
From 2009 loose photos
Images
Show Less
Part Of
CKX fonds
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
after 1954
Accession Number
11-2010
Part Of
CKX fonds
Creator
CKX
Description Level
Item
Series Number
V
Item Number
11-2010.V4
Accession Number
11-2010
GMD
graphic
Date Range
after 1954
Physical Description
5" x 4" (b/w)
Material Details
Negative
Custodial History
See fonds level of the CKX records for custodial history.
Scope and Content
Image of the Vogue Ladies Wear building.
Name Access
CKX
Vogue Ladies Wear
Subject Access
businesses
building exteriors
cars
signs and signboards
store displays
clothing stores
furniture stores
Storage Location
CKX fonds - 2010 accessions
Images
Show Less

The Brown Block, Brandon, Manitoba

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions8383
Part Of
Joseph H. Hughes collection
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
c. 1959
Accession Number
3-1997
Part Of
Joseph H. Hughes collection
Description Level
Item
Series Number
3-1997.1
Item Number
3-1997.1.11
Accession Number
3-1997
GMD
graphic
Date Range
c. 1959
Physical Description
8 " x 10" (b/w)
Physical Condition
good
Scope and Content
Photograph shows the east side of 10th Street, Brandon, Manitoba, between Rosser and Princess Avenues. Businesses visible in the Brown Block include (from north to south): Singer, Pittsburgh Paint & Glass, O. Stark & Son, Elna Sewing Centre, and Canadian Pacific Telegraphs. The Prince Edward Hotel is visible in the background.
Name Access
Brown Block
Singer
Pittsburgh Paint & Glass
O. Stark & Son
Elna Sewing Centre
Canadian Pacific Telegraphs
Prince Edward Hotel
10th Street
Subject Access
downtowns
street scenes
Brandon business buildings & facilities after 1940
building exteriors
Storage Location
RG 5 photograph storage drawer
Images
Show Less

Wm. Muir General Grocer

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions9491
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
1888
Accession Number
1-2002
Part Of
RG 11 Lawrence Stuckey fonds
Description Level
Item
Series Number
3.1
Item Number
1-2002.3.1E18
Accession Number
1-2002
GMD
graphic
Date Range
1888
Physical Description
3 1/2" x 5"
Material Details
Negative
History / Biographical
Muir started as a clerk for Coombs & Stewart in 1882, went into business for himself 1888 and was still operating in 1938. He closed his 6th Street store in June of 1945 (Brandon Sun).
Muir was a good friend of my pioneer grandfather, Sam Gilmour, who lived a block up the street, and as a small boy I spent many nickels in this store (LAS).
Custodial History
For custodial history see the collection level description of the Lawrence Stuckey collection.
Scope and Content
Wm. "Billy" Muir & grocery store
Notes
Located on the west side of the 100 block of 6th St.
This photo presented by Wm. Muir to Martin Kavanagh and donated to collection of Assiniboine Historical Society.
Name Access
Wm. Muir General Grocer
Subject Access
businesses
general stores
grocery stores
Brandon business buildings & facilities before 1940
Repro Restriction
The McKee Archives is the copyright holder for the Stuckey materials.
Storage Location
Lawrence Stuckey collection
Images
Show Less

100-block 10th Street, Brandon, Manitoba

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions8391
Part Of
Joseph H. Hughes collection
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
c. 1962
Accession Number
3-1997
Part Of
Joseph H. Hughes collection
Description Level
Item
Series Number
3-1997.1
Item Number
3-1997.1.18
Accession Number
3-1997
GMD
graphic
Date Range
c. 1962
Physical Description
8" x 10" (b/w)
Physical Condition
good
Scope and Content
Photograph shows the west side of the 100-block of 10th Street facing northwest. Visible businesses include: Bottomley's Furniture, Recreation Bowling & Billiards, Fashion Fabrics, Brandon News & Record Shop, Bass' Storkland, Beneficial Finance Co., and the Kresge Store. The Johnny Smith Block is visible in the background.
Name Access
Bottomley's Furniture Store
Recreation Bowling and Billiards
Fashion Fabrics
Brandon News & Record Shop
Bass Storkland
Beneficial Finance Co.
Kresge Store
Subject Access
downtowns
street scenes
Brandon business buildings & facilities after 1940
building exteriors
Storage Location
RG 5 photograph storage drawer
Images
Show Less

100-block 10th Street, facing southwest

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions8406
Part Of
Joseph H. Hughes collection
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
c. 1950s
Accession Number
3-1997
Part Of
Joseph H. Hughes collection
Description Level
Item
Series Number
3-1997.1
Item Number
3-1997.1.28
Accession Number
3-1997
GMD
graphic
Date Range
c. 1950s
Physical Description
10" x 8" (b/w)
Physical Condition
good
Scope and Content
Photograph shows the west side of 10th Street between Rosser and Princess Avenues. Visible businesses include: Brandon News & Record Shop, Fashion Fabrics, Recreation Bowling & Billiards, Bottomley's, Barry Neill Men's Wear, Simpsons-Sears. Painted on the north face of the Strathcona Block are two advertisements, one for Sutherland and Robertson [Grocery] and the other for Boyd Electric Co. Ltd. Union Jack flags hang from some businesses and light standards.
Name Access
10th Street
Brandon News & Record Shop
Fashion Fabrics
Recreation Bowling and Billiards
Bottomley's
Barry Neill Men's Wear
Simpsons-Sears Ltd.
Sutherland and Robertson
Boyd Electric Co. Ltd.
Strathcona Block
Subject Access
downtowns
street scenes
Brandon business buildings & facilities after 1940
building exteriors
Storage Location
RG 5 photograph storage drawer
Images
Show Less

Rosser Avenue, north side 900 block

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions13799
Part Of
Fred McGuinness collection
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
1882
Accession Number
20-2009
Part Of
Fred McGuinness collection
Description Level
Item
Series Number
McG 9
Item Number
20-2009.108
Accession Number
20-2009
GMD
graphic
Date Range
1882
Physical Description
7.25" x 4.25" (b/w)
Material Details
On matting
Physical Condition
Photograph has pen markings and publishing mark-up notes on front and back of matting
Scope and Content
Photograph shows the north side of the 900-block of Rosser Avenue, facing west from 9th Street. All the shops appear to be woodframed buildings; the sidewalk has yet to be installed and wooden planks have been laid down in front of the shops. Visible storefronts include: (left to right): Leask & Rose, general merchants (at the 11th Street intersect); Fortier & Bucke - Manufacturers' Agents and CPR Express Co.; The New Era - real estate office; Imperial Bank of Canada; Durand & Macdonald Law Office, T.D. McLean - jeweller; Deacon & Hooper - grocers; and J. Barker Vosburgh - Surgeon & Dentist. The building in the foreground has Rosser Avenue and 9th Street street signs affixed above the entrance to the building. A chuckwagon is parked in front of Fortier & Bucke.
Notes
Writing on the front of the photograph reads: Brandon.
Name Access
Rosser Avenue
Leask & Rose
Fortier & Bucke Commision Agents
The New Era
Imperial Bank of Canada
T.D. McLean
W.A. McDonald soliciter
J. Barker Vosburgh
Deacon & Hooper
9th Street
Subject Access
Brandon business buildings & facilities before 1940
store exteriors
street scenes
jewellers
jewelry stores
jewelry stores signs and signboards
grocery stores
general stores
banks
surgeons
dentists
lawyers
grocery trade
hardware stores
wagons
Storage Location
McGuinness oversize storage drawer (1-2015)
Related Material
Lawrence Stuckey collection 1-2002.3.1C18
Images
Show Less

100-block 10th Street, facing southwest (2)

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions8407
Part Of
Joseph H. Hughes collection
Description Level
Item
GMD
graphic
Date Range
c. 1950
Accession Number
3-1997
Part Of
Joseph H. Hughes collection
Description Level
Item
Series Number
3-1997.1
Item Number
3-1997.1.29
Accession Number
3-1997
GMD
graphic
Date Range
c. 1950
Physical Description
8 " x 10" (b/w)
Physical Condition
good
Scope and Content
Photograph shows the west side of 10th Street between Rosser and Princess Avenues. Visible businesses include: Recreation Bowling & Billiards, Bottomley's, Barry Neill Men's Wear, Simpsons-Sears, Allied Hardware Stores, Box Brothers Hardware, Doig's. Painted on the north face of the Strathcona Block are two advertisements, one for Sutherland and Robertson [Grocery] and the other for Boyd Electric Co. Ltd.
Name Access
10th Street
Recreation Bowling and Billiards
Bottomley's
Barry Neill Men's Wear
Simpsons-Sears Ltd.
Sutherland and Robertson
Boyd Electric Co. Ltd.
Strathcona Block
Box Brothers Hardware
Doig's
Allied Hardware
Alexandra Block
Subject Access
downtowns
street scenes
Brandon business buildings & facilities after 1940
building exteriors
Storage Location
RG 5 photograph storage drawer
Images
Show Less

20 records – page 1 of 1.