Skip header and navigation

Revise Search

20 records – page 6 of 1.

Manitoba winter fair documents

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions4365
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1908-1968
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
Fonds Number
RG2SF2
Series Number
2.1
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1908-1968
Physical Description
6.5 cm
History / Biographical
The documents were created by members of the Board of Directors, and others involved with the management of the winter fair.
Custodial History
See sous-fonds RG2SF2 for custodial history.
Scope and Content
The series includes several copies of the MWF Constitution, a 1908 constitution, 1909 MWFFSA shares belonging to John Bradley, a 1968 agreement for the non-military use of property, and several agreements between the MWF and several other companies spanning the dates 1934 to 1963.
Notes
Part of RG2SF2. Inventory of the documents in the series is available in the printed finding aid.
Storage Location
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds RG2SF2 Manitoba Winter Fair
Show Less

Manitoba winter fair minutes

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions4366
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1908-1932
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
Fonds Number
RG2SF2
Series Number
2.2
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1908-1932
Physical Description
6.5 cm
History / Biographical
These minutes were created by the Board of Directors and the Shareholders at the meetings that they held from 1908 to 1932. The Board of Directors was created in 1908. While the collection currently houses minutes from 1908 to 1932, it is evident from Prize Lists and Programs that the Board of Directors structure evolved in the following way. The structure of the winter fair was quite different from the summer fair. Instead of having a committee structure, the winter fair had both committees and representatives from various agricultural associations. The representatives were part of the Board of Directors. In 1908 these representatives included men from the Horse Breeders’ Association, the Cattle Breeders’ Association, the Sheep Breeders’ Association, the Swine Breeders’ Association, the Poultry Breeders’ Association, the Brandon Winter Fair and Fat Stock Association, and the Manitoba Agricultural College. With the addition of representatives from the Manitoba Clydesdale Association, and the Manitoba Seed Growers’ Association, these committees continued virtually without change until 1930. By the 1930s, several more representatives joined the Board of Directors including the Winnipeg Livestock Exchange, the Manitoba Percheron Association, the Canadian Shorthorn Association, and the Hereford Association. By 1935 there were also representatives from the Prairie Thoroughbred and Racing Association, the Manitoba Boards of Trade, the Western Manitoba Board of Trade, the Aberdeen Angus Association, and the Canadian Percheron Association. The Canadian Clydesdale Association joined the Board by 1940. By 1950, several more agricultural associations had joined the Board of Directors. They included the Brandon Light Horse Society, the Brandon Chamber of Commerce, the Manitoba Veterinary Association, the Minister of Agriculture, the Deputy Minister of Agriculture, and the Canadian Red Poll Association. By 1955, a representative from the City of Brandon rounded out the representatives on the Board of Directors. The first committees of the Board of Directors began in 1908 with the formation of the Brandon Winter Fair and Fat Stock Association. The committees included an Executive, Horse, Livestock, Cattle, Sheep, Swine, Poultry and Seed. By 1915 there were also Program, Prize/Accounts, Carcass, Exhibits/Public Comfort, Building, and Provincial Government committees. Most of these later committees were not long lived, or were not mentioned much past 1915. A Judging Competition Committee was added in 1925 and lasted until sometime in the 1940s. In 1950 an official Finance committee was formed, as well as a Gates/Tickets committee. By 1955, three more committees had been added including 4-H/Junior Activities, Light Horse and Heavy Horse. By the 1960s, a Publicity committee was also added. In 1965 there were several committees formed including Police/Traffic/Parking, Concessions, Calf/Pig Scrambles, Baby Fair, Flower Show and the Fall Feeder Show and Sale. A Fashion Show committee was added by 1970. In 1975 a Property committee is also mentioned. The 1980s appear to have been a time of great growth for the winter fair, as there was a large increase in the number of committees. By 1985 the following committees had been formed: Dance, Hitching Ring, Steer Show, Bull Sale, Western Breakfast, Egg Show, Entertainment, Exhibitor’s Lounge, VIP, Cattle Parade, Calcutta, Winter Fair Sponsors, Casino and Royal Manitoba Winter Fair. These committees continued for the most part through into the 1990s.
Custodial History
See sous-fonds RG2SF2 for custodial history.
Scope and Content
The series includes the minutes from meetings held from 1908 to 1932. An interesting aspect to these records is that they include the first meetings held by the newly formed winter fair Board of Directors. The early minutes are an interesting look into the formation of an organization.
Notes
Inventory of the documents in the series is available in the printed finding aid.
Storage Location
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds RG2SF2 Manitoba Winter Fair
Show Less

Manitoba winter fair scrapbooks

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions4374
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1966-1971, 1975
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
Fonds Number
RG2SF2
Series Number
2.10
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1966-1971, 1975
Physical Description
6 cm
History / Biographical
The records were created by a member of the administrative staff of the winter fair.
Custodial History
The records were housed at the MWF, and the MEA until c1986 when they were transferred to the S.J. McKee Archives at Brandon University.
Scope and Content
The series contains scrapbooks from 1966 to 1971, and 1975. The scrapbooks are mainly newspaper clippings pertaining to the winter fair.
Notes
Part of RG2SF2. Inventory of documents in the series is available in the printed finding aid.
Storage Location
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds RG2SF2 Manitoba Winter Fair
Show Less

Manitoba winter fair miscellaneous

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions4375
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1920, 1926, 1955, 1971
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
Fonds Number
RG2SF2
Series Number
2.11
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1920, 1926, 1955, 1971
Physical Description
6.5 cm
History / Biographical
See Administrative History for RG2SF2 Royal Manitoba Winter Fair.
Custodial History
The records were housed at the BWFLA, the MWF, and MEA until c1986 when they were transferred to the S.J. McKee Archives located at Brandon University.
Scope and Content
The series contains records that did not fit into any other series. Some of these records include, notices of meetings, a donation sheet, sketches for a RMWF logo, a speech, and an article about Robert John Wright.
Notes
Inventory of documents in the series is available in the printed finding aid.
Storage Location
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds RG2SF2 Manitoba Winter Fair
Show Less

Manitoba Genealogical Society fonds

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions4814
Part Of
RG 5 Western Manitoba Manuscript Collection
Description Level
Collection
GMD
textual records
Date Range
c.1880 to c.1980
Accession Number
9-1998
Part Of
RG 5 Western Manitoba Manuscript Collection
Description Level
Collection
Accession Number
9-1998
GMD
textual records
Date Range
c.1880 to c.1980
Physical Description
30 cm
History / Biographical
The Southwest Branch of the Manitoba Genealogical Society was established in 1978. The Branch was formed following a meeting with members of the Manitoba Genealogical Association formed in 1977. The organization was created to assist individuals interested in doing genealogical research through the provision of genealogical data and archival resources. Since its creation the Southwest Branch has also issued a newletter and published a series of cenusus summaries based on the 1901 Canadian census.
Custodial History
These records were donated to the McKee archives in 1990 by J.D. Wall on behalf of the Southwest Branch of the Manitoba Genealogical Society.
Scope and Content
Fonds includes transcripts of the records transcribed from cemetery headstones located in cemeteries throughout southwestern Manitoba. Each transcript includes details about the cemetery records and all details including names, dates, and inscriptions from each headstone. The collection includes a "Cemetery Transcript List" detailing those cemeteries for which transcripts exist. Transcripts include those for the following cemeteries: Alexander, Birdtail Sioux Indian Reserve, Blenheim Church, Glencoe, Boissevain, Brandon, Brandon Hills Church Cemetery, Brookdale, Carberry District, Coultervale, Elgin, Elkhorn, Humesville, Lauder, Kerfoot (Gregg Cemetery), Icelandic Gravesite (Tilston), History of Kingsley Cemetery near Somerset, Madford Cemetery, Old Medora Cemetery, Melgund, Millford Cemetery, Noble Cemetery, Methven , Millord Cemetery, Roseville Anglican Church Cemetery, St. Savior's Anglican Church, St. George's Anglican Church, Rounthwaite, Souris (Glenwood Cemetery), Skalholt, Wellwood, Woodville (Lund, Kola, Bennett, Two Creeks), Patterson (near Nesbitt), Sparling (near Justice), Tilston (near Sinclair), Royal Canadian Air Force Memorial (20 miles north of Rivers).
Notes
CAIN No. 202662
Subject Access
cemetary records
Genealogy
Brandon
Manitoba
Storage Location
1998 accessions
Storage Range
1998 accessions
Show Less

Manitoba Women's Institute collection

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions4860
Part Of
RG 5 Western Manitoba Manuscript Collection
Description Level
Collection
GMD
textual records
Date Range
c. 1935-1980's
Accession Number
8-2002
Part Of
RG 5 Western Manitoba Manuscript Collection
Description Level
Collection
Accession Number
8-2002
GMD
textual records
Date Range
c. 1935-1980's
Physical Description
64 cm
History / Biographical
The first Women's Institute in Canada was created by Mrs. Adelaide Hunter Hoodless in Stoney Creek, Ontario, on February 19, 1897. The Women's Institute was created to unite rural women with the hopes that this would help women improve their homes and communities. The motto of the Women's Institute became, "a nation could not rise above the level of its homes." The group was to be non-partisan and non-sectarian to allow for maximum participation. The Women's Institute became one of the very few ways for rural women to meet and share ideas and problems with others. The Women's Institute spread throughout Canada and reached Manitoba in 1910, when Morris and Valley River, Manitoba, formed Women's Institute branches. The Women's Institute branches in Manitoba were known as Home Economics Societies until 1919, when they became branches of the Manitoba Women's Institute. The Home Economics Societies specialized in community service work. At first, the groups concentrated on home management and child care, and eventually they became involved with social and political issues. In addition to community work, the Women's Institute branches also invited many guest speakers to their meetings and promoted education and the dissemination of information to rural women on subjects such as canning, growing fruits and vegetables, dental hygiene and rural electrification. The Manitoba Women's Institute continues its work today.
Custodial History
This fonds was accessioned in 2002 by the McKee Archives. Prior custodial history is unknown.
Scope and Content
This collection has been artificially created and consists of miscellaneous newspaper and magazine clippings, handbooks, newsletters, photos and song sheets collected by various unknown Manitoba Women's Institute branches. Some newletters included in the collection are "Institute News" from the Manitoba Women's Institute, "National Farm Forum Guide", "Federated News" from the Federated Women's Institute of Canada and "The Country Woman" from Associated Women of the World. The newspaper clippings in the collection relate to Women's Institute branches around Manitoba and the rest of Canada.
Notes
CAIN No. 202660. Description by Robyn Mitchell.
Subject Access
Reverand M.L. Goodman
Manitoba Provincial Council of Women
National Council of Women in Canada
Manitoba Women's Institute
National Farm Forum
Federated Women's Institute of Canada`
Associated Country Women of the World
women's organizations
4-H
rural women
song sheets
credit unions
farm magazines
newsletters
women's magazines
Storage Location
2002 accessions
Storage Range
2002 accessions
Related Material
Related women's institute collections in the McKee Archives include: Manitoba Women's Institute; Minnedosa Women's Institute; Cordova Women's Institute; Clanwilliam Women's Institute; Rathwell Women's Institute; Strathclair Women's Institute; Crocus Women's Institute; Southwest A Region - Manitoba Women's Institute; Douglas Women's Institute
Show Less

Awaiting Response Prov. Manitoba

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions4998
Part Of
RG 6 Brandon University fonds
Description Level
File
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1992-1993
Part Of
RG 6 Brandon University fonds
Description Level
File
Series Number
MG 3 1.14.1
File Number
86
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1992-1993
Physical Description
1 file
Scope and Content
File consists of correspondence with constituents and govt. officials Jan. 1992-July 1993, including letters to and from Yvon Dumont re: his appointment to Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, 1993
Storage Location
RG 6 Brandon University fonds MG 3 Brandon University Teaching and Administration 1.14.1 W. Leland Clark - political career Box 4
Show Less

Finance- Equalization Payments- Manitoba

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions5071
Part Of
RG 6 Brandon University fonds
Description Level
File
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1985
Part Of
RG 6 Brandon University fonds
Description Level
File
Series Number
MG 3 1.14.1
File Number
159
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1985
Physical Description
1 file
Scope and Content
File consists of correspondence
Storage Location
RG 6 Brandon University fonds MG 3 Brandon University Teaching and Administration 1.14.1 W. Leland Clark - political career Box 5
Show Less

Province of Manitoba Bilingualism Issue

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions5346
Part Of
RG 6 Brandon University fonds
Description Level
File
GMD
textual records
Date Range
Jan. 1984- June 1985
Part Of
RG 6 Brandon University fonds
Description Level
File
Series Number
MG 3 1.14.1
File Number
407
GMD
textual records
Date Range
Jan. 1984- June 1985
Physical Description
1 file
Scope and Content
File consists of correspondence, info.
Storage Location
RG 6 Brandon University fonds MG 3 Brandon University Teaching and Administration 1.14.1 W. Leland Clark - political career Box 17
Show Less

West, Tom Brandon, Manitoba

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions5348
Part Of
RG 6 Brandon University fonds
Description Level
File
GMD
textual records
Date Range
Apr. 1985- May 1986
Part Of
RG 6 Brandon University fonds
Description Level
File
Series Number
MG 3 1.14.1
File Number
409
GMD
textual records
Date Range
Apr. 1985- May 1986
Physical Description
1 file
Scope and Content
File consists of correspondence
Storage Location
RG 6 Brandon University fonds MG 3 Brandon University Teaching and Administration 1.14.1 W. Leland Clark - political career Box 17
Show Less

People First of Manitoba SS

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions5471
Part Of
RG 6 Brandon University fonds
Description Level
File
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1993
Part Of
RG 6 Brandon University fonds
Description Level
File
Series Number
MG 3 1.14.1
File Number
534
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1993
Physical Description
1 file
Scope and Content
File consists of grant info.
Storage Location
RG 6 Brandon University fonds MG 3 Brandon University Teaching and Administration 1.14.1 W. Leland Clark - political career Box 21
Show Less

Establishing the Manitoba Intercultural Council

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions8100
Part Of
RG 6 Brandon University fonds
Description Level
File
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1982-1983
Accession Number
32-2007
Part Of
RG 6 Brandon University fonds
Description Level
File
Series Number
MG 3 1.19
File Number
26
Accession Number
32-2007
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1982-1983
Physical Description
1 file
Scope and Content
File consists of correspondence, mintues, speaking notes, and background information related to the formation of the Interim Liaison Committee on Multiculturalism, the final report by the Interim Liaison Committee and a copy of Bill 50 Manitoba Intercultural Council Act.
Storage Location
MG 3 Brandon University Teaching and Administration MG 3 1.19 May Yoh
Show Less

Manitoba Arts Council grant

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions8870
Part Of
Brandon Aboriginal Literary Festival
Description Level
File
GMD
textual records
Date Range
May 2007
Accession Number
1-2009
Part Of
Brandon Aboriginal Literary Festival
Description Level
File
Series Number
8.4.1
File Number
3
Accession Number
1-2009
GMD
textual records
Date Range
May 2007
History / Biographical
See sub sub series level (RG 6, 8.4.1) for history/bio information.
Custodial History
See sub sub series level (RG 6, 8.4.1) for custodial history.
Scope and Content
File consists of a copy of the grant proposal submitted by the Festival Committe to the Manitoba Arts Council (MAC).
Storage Location
RG 6 Brandon University fonds Series 8: Library Services 8.4 Library special events 8.4.1 Brandon Aboriginal Literary Festival
Show Less

Library building planning - Canada - Manitoba

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions3580
Part Of
RG 6 Brandon University fonds
Description Level
File
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1969
Part Of
RG 6 Brandon University fonds
Description Level
File
Series Number
4.2
File Number
7
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1969
Physical Description
1 file
Scope and Content
File consists of reference materials regarding university libraries in Manitoba gathered for the purpose of planning the use and/or expansion of the John E. Robbins Library at Brandon University.
Storage Location
RG 6 Brandon University fonds Series 4: Office of the Vice-President 4.2 Office of the Vice-President (Administration &Finance) Box 1
Show Less

Provincial exhibition of Manitoba financial records

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions4355
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1903-1939, 1963-1969
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
Fonds Number
RG2SF1
Series Number
1.3
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1903-1939, 1963-1969
Physical Description
9 cm
History / Biographical
See Administrative History for RG2SF1 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba.
Custodial History
See sous-fonds RG2SF1 for custodial history.
Scope and Content
The series consists of the financial records, transfer ledgers and prize money lists created by the Provincial Exhibition.
Notes
Inventory of documents in the series is available in the printed finding aid.
Storage Location
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds RG2SF1 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba
Show Less

Provincial exhibition of Manitoba administrative files

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions4356
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1980, 1982
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
Fonds Number
RG2SF1
Series Number
1.4
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1980, 1982
Physical Description
71 cm
History / Biographical
See Administrative History for RG2SF1 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba.
Custodial History
The records were housed with the MEA until c1986 when they were transferred to the S.J. McKee Archives at Brandon University.
Scope and Content
The series include various files from the Provincial Exhibition from 1980 and 1982. The contents include staff meetings, mailing lists, insurance, contracts, tenders, trophies and ribbons, animal events and shows, exhibits, results, etc.
Notes
Inventory of documents in the series is available in the printed finding aid.
Storage Location
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds RG2SF1 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba
Show Less

Provincial exhibition of Manitoba news releases

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions4358
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1984-1990
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
Fonds Number
RG2SF1
Series Number
1.6
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1984-1990
Physical Description
13.5 cm
History / Biographical
This series is a product of the Publicity committee of the Board of Directors. The collection has minutes from this committee from 1903, when it was known as the Advertising and Printing committee, until approximately 1979. The name change occurred in the 1920s.
Custodial History
The records were housed with the MEA until c1986 when they were transferred to the S.J. McKee Archives at Brandon University.
Scope and Content
The series contains copies of the news releases that went out to various forms of media before, during, and after the Provincial Exhibitions from 1984 to 1990.
Notes
Part of RG2SF1. Inventory of documents in the series is available in the printed finding aid.
Storage Location
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds RG2SF1 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba
Show Less

Provincial exhibition of Manitoba original results

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions4359
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1935-1949, 1984, 1985
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
Fonds Number
RG2SF1
Series Number
1.7
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1935-1949, 1984, 1985
Physical Description
13 cm
History / Biographical
See Administrative History RG2SF1 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba.
Custodial History
The records were housed with the PEM and the MEA until c1986 when they were transferred to the S.J. McKee Archives at Brandon University.
Scope and Content
This series contains records from the horse races from 1935 to 1949. These ledgers contain information regarding the horse, the horse’s owner, who entered the horse, who is riding or driving the horse, where the horse is from, the color, sex, gait and age of the horse, what race he is entered in, and what prize money is to be won. As well, the series contains the original results files from 1984 and 1985. These files include the results of several different events and competitions, and include information on the exhibitor and exhibit, as well as the prize money to be collected.
Notes
Inventory of documents in the series is available in the printed finding aid.
Storage Location
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds RG2SF1 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba
Show Less

Manitoba winter fair financial records

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions4367
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1925-1977
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
Fonds Number
RG2SF2
Series Number
2.3
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1925-1977
Physical Description
76.5 cm
History / Biographical
This series was created by a committee attached to the Board of Directors of the winter fair.
Custodial History
See sous-fonds RG2SF2 for custodial history.
Scope and Content
The series contains financial statements from 1925 and 1926, as well as financial records from the 1930s to 1969. There is also a transfer ledger from the years 1939 to 1953. There is a box with the statement of prizes won from 1972 to 1977.
Notes
Inventory of the documents in the series is available in the printed finding aid.
Storage Location
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds RG2SF2 Manitoba Winter Fair
Show Less

Manitoba winter fair administrative files

http://archives.brandonu.ca/en/permalink/descriptions4368
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1980, 1982
Part Of
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds
Description Level
Series
Fonds Number
RG2SF2
Series Number
2.4
GMD
textual records
Date Range
1980, 1982
Physical Description
62 cm
History / Biographical
These files were created by a member of the administrative staff of the winter fair.
Custodial History
The records were housed at the MEA until c1986 when they were transferred to the S.J. McKee Archives at Brandon University.
Scope and Content
The files include the administrative records from the 1980 RMWF and the 1982 RMWF. The files encompass such subjects as Prize List Production, Concessions, Correspondence, Mailing Lists, Canvassing, Grants and Donations, and many others.
Notes
Part of RG2SF2. Inventory of the documents in the series is available in the printed finding aid.
Storage Location
RG 2 Provincial Exhibition of Manitoba Association fonds RG2SF2 Manitoba Winter Fair
Show Less

20 records – page 6 of 1.