14 b&w photographs
Textual descriptions for each photograph
Physical Condition
Very good
History / Biographical
Several years ago the Alumni Relations began a program of class reunions and reconvocation in conjunction with annual spring convocations. This program continues to the present (March 2006) and this document was produced in 2003 for the Class of 1943 reunion.
Custodial History
Images remain in the possession of Betty Knowlton (nee Burgoyne). She provided copies of the images to the Alumni Office for the Class of 1943 reunion. Those images were transferred to the McKee Archives by Alumni Relations.
Scope and Content
File consists of copies of photographs of the Class of 1943 provided by Betty Knowlton (nee Burgoyne) for the Class of 1943 reunion. The photographs and descriptions are mounted on Brandon University cardstock. File also contains the program for the President's Reception and Dinner.
The first photo of the famed Hunkpapa war chief, taken at Fort Buford, D.T. shortly after his surrender to major Guido Ilges, Fifth Infantry, following a short fight near the Poplar Camp Post, January 2, 1881. Four years earlier, in the valley of Little Bighorn, it was Gall, Sitting Bull's lieutenant and war chief, who rallied to meet Reno's initial charge and quickly turned it into a devastating retreat. Gall later crossed the Little Bighorn River and led the Sioux to triumph over Custer's contingent of the Seventh Cavalry. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Low Dog 'Xunka Kuciyedon' (b.1846) This respected warrior became a war chief at age 14. In January of 1876, Low Dog and his band joined a party of Northern Cheyenne at the Red Cloud Agency and planned to hunt in the Powder River County. In March of that year, Low Dog's people set up camp with a large non-agency band of Northern Cheyenne and a few Oglala Sioux near the union of the Little Powder and Powder River. On Saint Patrick's day this sleeping village was attacked and destroyed by Colonel J.J. Reynolds. During the night of March 17th the Indians managed to recapture their horses. Without provisions the mixed band traveled northward to join Crazy Horse and later Sitting Bull on the Little Bighorn, where Low Dog led his people against Custer and the 7th Cavalry. Low Dog's account of the battle was published many times. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Red Cloud 'Makpiya-luta'. As a non-hereditary chief, Red Cloud became the most successful war leader of the Cheyenne and Sioux during the 1860's and the Indians' campaign to close the Bozeman Trail and keep the Powder River inviolate. The Sioux were victorious and with the signing of the Fort Laramic treaty in 1868 the army abandoned her forts within the Dakota's hunting grounds. Thus Red Cloud became one of the few Indians ever to win an armed conflict against the U.S. Army. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Red Horse 'Xunktanka Stanewe'. During the spring of 1876, Red Horse moved his band from the region of the Cheyenne River traveling through the Rosebud Valley and met with a large contingent of Sioux assembling on the west bank of the Little Bighorn river. As a head chief within the council lodge of the largest recorded Sioux camp, Red Horse fought both Custer and Reno. In 1881 at the Cheyenne River Agency, S.D., Red Horse created 41 ledger drawings illustrating his part in the famed battle. His story was published by the Bureau of American Ethnology in their Tenth Annual Report. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Crow King 'Kangi Yatapi'. As a prisoner of war, Crow King posed for this picture in Barry's studio at Fort Buford, D.T., in the winter of 1881. During the battle of Little Bighorn, Crow King and his band of 80 warriors attacked Custer from the south, allowing Crazy Horse and Gall to encircle the doomed 7th Cavalry. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Sitting Bull 'Tatanka Iyotanka' (1834-1890). The spiritual leader and head of the Hunkpapa warrior societies, Sitting Bull poses in Barry's studio wearing a crucifix of brass and wood. It was presented to him in June of 1868 by 'Black Robe', Father Pierre Jean De Smet, who had been sent by General Sherman to bring Sitting Bull and his hostiles to council. Without Sitting Bull the 'Laramic Treaty' council took place at Fort Rice, D.T., July 2, 1868. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Running Antelope 'Tatoke Inyanke' (ca. 1830-1892). Running Antelope was one of four principal chiefs chosen by the Hunkpapa in 1851. His exploits as a warrior are well known. Equally capable as a statesman, he represented his people during the Fort Laramic Treaty councils in 1868. As an orator, he was considered the most eloquent of all Hunkpapa chiefs. His face appears on the 1899 five-dollar certificate. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Goose was one of the best known Arikara scouts of the 1876 Sioux Campaign; he enlisted during April of that year for the expedition. He fought with Reno and was wounded during the initial battle of the valley. His story has been printed in numerous publications. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Dimensions
18 X 13 cm
Size Overall
51 X 41 cm
Medium
Black and white photograph
Condition
Bowing back of picture along both vertical edges away from mat.
Long Dog 'Xunka Hanska'. Long Dog participated in many battles of the Sioux Wars and was thought to carry the favorable charm of a ghost which mad him invincible and granted his heroic success in war. Although severely wounded during the Custer battle, he returned to Standing Rock and lived out his days as a legendary warrior and chief. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Dimensions
23 X 19 cm
Size Overall
51 X 41 cm
Medium
Black and white photograph
Condition
Bowing back of picture along both vertical edges away from mat.
War Eagle 'Wanmdi Kecizapi'. Labeled by early historians as Yankton Sioux, War Eagle posed for the photographer wearing war shirt of the old style, quilled arm and shoulder bands, holding a tacked and quilled pipe. Prominent Sioux warriors were known to wear buffalo horn bonnets during dances and on war parties. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
As the Cheyenne and Sioux retreated south toward the 'White Rain (Bighorn) Mountains' following the Battle of Little Bighorn, many of the wounded warriors died. They were laid to rest in their finest clothing admits their cherished belongings atop burial scaffolds or within the branches of strong trees. It was here sorrowful families bid the fallen warriors spirit good-bye as it began its journey across the great divide. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Long Soldier 'Akicita Hanska'. A well known Hunkpapa chief at standing Rock, he wears a beaver top hat in vogue during the Civil war days. He was known as a skillful hunter and fearless warrior. Long Soldier represented his band at the signing of the 'Treaty of Fort Laramie' in 1868. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Forty-one Arikara scouts enlisted to participate in Custer's '76 Sioux Campaign. Many of these have been photographically identified. This man is a proven warrior as indicated by his pointed, quilled and scalp-lock decorated shirt. A shirt wearer occupied a position of honor and authority among his people, primarily responsible for the welfare of others as a result of his deeds as a warrior. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Wild Horse 'Xunktanka Wohitika'. An Oglala chief, Wild Horse was said to have been the brother of cousin of the great chief and leader, Crazy Horse, of whom no documented photograph is known. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Dimensions
23 X 19 cm
Size Overall
51 X 41 cm
Medium
Black and white photograph
Condition
Severe bowing back of both vertical edges away from mat.
Rain-in-the-Face 'Iromagaja'. The first photograph of Rain-in-the-Face, taken shortly before his arrest and incarceration at Fort Lincoln in 1874. He was one of the leaders during the Fetterman disaster of 1866, the worst defeat the U.S. Army had suffered on the frontier up to that time. His prowess as a warrior continued throughout the Sioux Wars. Wounded and lamed during the fight, he led his band against Custer, and later followed Sitting Bull into exile in Canada. Rain-in-the-Face and his followers surrendered to General Miles at Fort Keogh, Montana, in September of 1880. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Only weeks after they had been ordered by Agent McLaughlin (center) to arrest Sitting Bull as an attempt to calm the growing unrest from the Messiah Craze (Ghost Dance), the Sioux police pose victoriously for Barry's camera. The arrest attempt was disastrous, resulting in the deaths of six Indian police, Sitting Bull, his son Crow Foot and eight of Crow's followers. The panic which followed culminated in the infamous Wounded Knee affair two weeks later. Red Tomahawk (front center) killed Sitting Bull. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Sitting Bull 'Tatanka Iyotanka' (1834-1890). Most probably the last photograph of the legendary chief and vision seeker, Sitting Bull had guided his people for nearly 40 years during the times when Manifest Destiny sought her fortune within the lands of the Sioux . (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Annie Oakley (1860-1926). Standing barely five feet tall, Annie Oakley toured with Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show for 17 years after joining it in 1885. While on European tour, and at the invitation of German Crown Prince Wilhelm (later Kaiser Wilhelm II) Annie shot a cigarette from his lips; she was also known to sever a playing card, thin edge facing her, at 90 feet. Many of her records established with pistols, rifles and shotguns remain unequaled to this day. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)
Rain-in-the-Face, 'Iromagaja' (ca. 1835-1905). Warrior of note during the Red Cloud Wars. He became known to the army through the ears of Charley Reynolds, Custer's chief scout. Reynolds overheard a boast by Rain-in-the-Face during a war dance at the Standing Rock Agency in December of 1874. 'Iromagaja' told of killing two civilians traveling with Custer's 1873 Yellowstone Expedition. The tale was reported to General Custer, then Commander of Fort Abraham Lincoln, D.T. Captain Thomas Custer (brother of the General) was ordered to arrest the chief. He was imprisoned at Fort Lincoln but he managed to escape, vowing to avenge his incarceration at the hands of Captain Custer. 'Iromagaja' united a large band of warriors and joined Sitting Bull's hostiles, where in June 1876 in the valley of Little Bighorn, it is said Rain-in-the-Face was avenged. (Harbaugh, P., 1982)